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1 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 16 April 1850 London, Englandd. 1 February 1885 Paris, France[br]English inventor of basic steelmaking.[br]Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.[br]BibliographyL.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRDBiographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
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2 calicagère de roche
DICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > calicagère de roche
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3 empereur tatué
—2. RUS синеполосый большеглазый пентапод m3. ENG blue-lined [rippled] large-eyed bream4. DEU —5. FRA empereur m tatuéDICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > empereur tatué
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4 hottentot bleu
DICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > hottentot bleu
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5 spare denté
—1. LAT Dentex dentex (Linnaeus)2. RUS (обыкновенный) зубан m, синагрида f3. ENG dentex, six-toothed bream, dog’s teeth, four-toothed sparus, toothed gilthead4. DEU Gewöhnlicher Zahnbrassen m5. FRA denté m commun [vulgaire], brame m denté, spare m denté2. RUS дурбанский спарус m, поркостома f3. ENG dane sea bream4. DEU —5. FRA spare m dentéDICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > spare denté
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6 spare du Natal
DICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > spare du Natal
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7 spare élégant
—2. RUS мозамбикский карась m, мозамбикский дагерад m3. ENG slinger (sea bream)4. DEU —5. FRA spare m élégantDICTIONNAIRE DES NOMS DES ANIMAUX EN CINQ LANGUES > spare élégant
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8 barb, broad-striped
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > barb, broad-striped
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9 bream, blue-lined large-eyed
—2. RUS синеполосый большеглазый пентапод m3. ENG blue-lined [rippled] large-eyed bream4. DEU —5. FRA empereur m tatuéDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > bream, blue-lined large-eyed
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10 bream, dane sea
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > bream, dane sea
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11 bream, Englishman sea
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > bream, Englishman sea
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12 bream, rippled large-eyed
—2. RUS синеполосый большеглазый пентапод m3. ENG blue-lined [rippled] large-eyed bream4. DEU —5. FRA empereur m tatuéDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > bream, rippled large-eyed
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13 bream, slinger sea
—2. RUS мозамбикский карась m, мозамбикский дагерад m3. ENG slinger (sea bream)4. DEU —5. FRA spare m élégantDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > bream, slinger sea
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14 bream, stone
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15 glassnose, orange-mouthed
—2. RUS оранжевая трисса f3. ENG orange-mouthed thryssa, orange-mouthed glassnose4. DEU —5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > glassnose, orange-mouthed
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16 hottentot, blue
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > hottentot, blue
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17 klipfish, grass
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > klipfish, grass
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18 piggy, striped
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > piggy, striped
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19 ray, backwater butterfly
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > ray, backwater butterfly
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20 seabat, circular
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > seabat, circular
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